The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach. The esophagus plays a crucial role in transporting food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

There are two primary types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma, which is more prevalent in males, exhibits higher incidence rates in specific regions such as China and East Asia, with notable risk factors being smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. In the United States, black males experience a twofold higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma is closely associated with conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s esophagus.

Early detection is crucial for successful treatment, and common approaches include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. It’s important for individuals to be aware of potential symptoms, especially if they have risk factors, and to seek medical attention if they notice any persistent or concerning changes in their health. Regular medical check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can also contribute to reducing the risk of esophageal cancer.

Symptoms may include painful or difficult swallowing, weight loss, pain behind the breastbone, hoarseness and cough, indigestion and heartburn.